When you see things its actually just light bouncing off of objects and sending the colors and shape back to your eyes. Your eye's retina has little rods and cones that process the colors that it sees. Color is determined by the wave length of light. The cone cells are categorized into three groups. The L-cone detects long wavelength light. The M-cone detects medium wavelength light. The S-cone detects short wavelength light.
When your color blind it means that one or more of the cone cells are inactive or has limited sensitivity. The most common form of color blindness is congenital(hereditary) red green color blindness. It means the "L" or "M" cones are damaged or inactive. There is many different kinds. You can find out more on www.colour-blindness.com/general/how-it-works-science/.
The visible spectrum is very limited. There is a lot we cannot see with our eyes.
The company Enchroma has made glasses that help color blind people see colors that they couldn't see before. This technology could help people with certain forms of color blindness and even in the future simulate the job of the eye to cure blindness. The topic of light is so large that I could write about it for hours. Maybe in the future I will expand upon this topic.


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